Eating disorders affect an estimated three per cent of women, placing them at risk for physiological problems, social and emotional difficulties and disruption to their working lives. Research has shown that the causes of eating disorders are complex, but studies have identified certain psychological and social risk factors, including personality traits such as perfectionism. Brandy McGee is investigating how perfectionism combines with cultural influences to cause eating disorders. She is examining the idea that when perfectionists compare themselves to physical ideals suggested in cultural images such as advertisements, they feel they have failed in the area of appearance, which contributes to eating disorders. The study involves assessing levels of perfectionism, eating attitudes and eating behaviour of participants. The research will help in the development of preventative health care programs and improve understanding of the psychosocial and cultural issues affecting health.
Research Pillar: Population Health
Barriers to access and willingness to participate in an intervention program to reduce the incidence of HIV and Hepatitis C among drug dependent youth
In her Masters research Cari Miller showed there is a high prevalence and incidence of HIV and Hepatitis C among young injection users in Vancouver. Those at highest risk for HIV are young females and Aboriginal youth. Her research suggested that preventing infection requires a complex response, addressing risky drug and sexual behaviours. Cari is building on her earlier research to investigate the barriers to accessing current prevention tools such as clean needles and condoms. As well, she is examining the willingness of youth to participate in a behavioural intervention to reduce the risk of HIV and Hepatitis C. The research will inform policy on current methods of prevention and possibly help to develop new ones. Cariās work could also help empower youth to better care for their health and for the health of their peers.
Developmental changes in pain expression in infants
Assessing infant pain for clinical or research purposes is challenging because infants are unable to talk about their pain. However, infants can communicate distress and pain in a number of ways, including facial activity, body movement, crying and changes in physiological responses. Rami Nader is studying how pain expression changes during the first year of life, when infants undergo a particularly rapid rate of growth and development. He is also investigating the link between parentsā assessments of pain and factors that influence those assessments. Improved understanding of how infant pain expression changes and what influences parentsā reports of pain will contribute to refinement and development of more developmentally appropriate measures of pain.
Understanding low-income mothers' efforts to provide safe home environments for young children
Unintentional injuries represent the leading cause of death for children and youth under the age of 20. For children under five, approximately half of all deaths due to unintentional injuries occur in and around the home. Research shows that children living in low-income families are at greatest risk for home injuries. Studies also show that parental attitudes towards safety issues vary greatly, and that there are discrepancies between attitudes and taking action to prevent injuries. However, little is known about parentsā underlying values about safety and injury risks to young children and how these values fit into the broader social context of children and safety issues. Lise Olsen is exploring low-income mothersā experiences with safety issues in the home. Using ethnographic methods, including interviews and observations, the study will provide insight about the everyday challenges of keeping young children safe from injuries at home. Ultimately, Lise hopes the research contributes to the design of appropriate and relevant injury prevention programs and policies.
The Development of Joint Attention within Parent-infant Interaction
The development of childrenās thinking and successful participation in healthy social interaction depends on their ability to share attention with others. Called joint attention, this ability begins to emerge by a childās first birthday and enables them to learn about people, language and ways of thinking. Infants in whom this developmental milestone is delayed are often from at-risk groups, such as low birth weight children. The delay is also associated with autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and language impairment. By studying observable aspects of joint attention, Timothy Racine is testing whether the parent-child relationship affects its development. In particular, he aims to identify the age at which infants begin to direct othersā attention with pointing gestures, and whether parents with a supportive style of interacting have infants who point meaningfully at an earlier age. Results from the study could help in the education and training of parents on appropriate ways of establishing joint attention in both normally developing and at-risk infants.
Examining physical perceptions of the body and physical characteristics as predictors of physical activity during adolescence
Research shows that a growing number of Canadian adolescents are becoming less active, threatening their physical and mental health by increasing their risk of being overweight. While there has been substantial research on physical activity, the primary factors that influence levels of activity have not been identified. Catherine Sabistonās past research has focused on ways adolescents and young adults deal with feelings and emotions related to their body. In this research, she has found initial links between body image and physical activity. She is now looking at whether body image (perceptions and attitudes about oneās body and physical appearance) and actual body characteristics related to shape and weight contribute to decreasing physical activity levels among adolescents. Catherine is also interested in how these factors affect boys and girls differently. Her goal is to come up with realistic recommendations that will lead Canadian adolescents toward increased activity levels and eventually healthier lifestyles.
Mycoplasma genitalium infection among men who have sex with men
Most HIV-1 infections worldwide are acquired sexually after exposure to semen. Research shows that co-infection with ulcer-causing sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis and herpes, increases the chance of HIV-1 transmission between sexual partners. Studies have also associated urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) with high levels of HIV in semen. Gonorrhea or chlamydia frequently cause urethritis in men, but recent studies suggest another sexually transmitted infection, Mycoplasma genitalium, is a cause of urethritis. Dr. Thomas Lampinen is investigating the association of Mycoplasma genitalium with urethritis and accumulation of HIV-1 in semen of young gay and bisexual men in BC. The study could identify Mycoplasma genitalium as a potentially treatable co-infection linked to the spread of HIV-1. The research has special urgency given recent recommendations to delay antiretroviral therapy, which will likely cause an increase in infectiousness among men with HIV-1.
What makes women healthy? Examining social inequalities and women's health
In her PhD research Dr. Colleen Reid examined how poverty and exclusion influence the health of marginalized women. Her interdisciplinary PhD bridged social epidemiology, health promotion, feminist theory, and participatory action research. Colleen developed a theory of cultural, institutional, and material exclusion and engaged in a feminist action research project to better understand the relationship between poverty and womenās health. As a postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Reid is now developing and testing conceptualizations and measures of health inequalities with a specific focus on Canadian women. The research involves conducting an extensive literature review, integrating qualitative and quantitative measures, and working collaboratively with health researchers to move theories and methodologies toward practical and policy applications. This research will address major gaps in health inequalities research, a critical step for enabling health researchers to address root causes of social inequalities.
Pain reactivity in children as an indicator of somatization and health care utilization
Research has substantially increased understanding of pain in children, revealing for example that patterns of response to pain and other illness symptoms develop during childhood and continue into adult years. A number of studies have also shown that some children tend to react more than others to bodily symptoms and pain. Dr. Elizabete Rocha is investigating whether or not children who react more intensely to pain are more likely to visit their doctors and have repeated health problems. Her research involves collecting data on the pain response of kindergarten-aged children during immunization. This includes examining the childrenās behavioural and physical responses to the needle, and giving parents a questionnaire aimed at getting their insight into how intensely their children react to pain. She will then follow the children over a number of years to document their use of the health system. Through this long term follow-up, Dr. Rocha hopes to develop methods of helping to identify children who may be at risk for low pain tolerance and of helping to prevent or better manage their pain.
Obesity in the community: a comparison of the differential distribution of body fat in four distinct populations
Being overweight or obese, especially around the stomach, dramatically increases oneās risk for health problems such as diabetes and heart disease. This is of great concern as the prevalence of obesity in Canada has steadily increased during the past 15 years. However, most of the research on obesity is based on populations with European origins; very little is known about the effects of being overweight in Aboriginal, Chinese and South Asian populations yet the rates of obesity in these populations are also increasing. Preliminary evidence suggests that at the same weight and stomach size, people of Aboriginal, Chinese or South Asian descent have a higher amount of body fat and greater risk for diabetes and heart disease compared to men and women of European descent. Therefore, using clinical targets for obesity developed from European populations may result in inappropriate screening for prevention of these diseases. Dr. Scott Learās research involves recruiting 200 people from each of the Aboriginal, Chinese, South Asian and European communities to study the relationship between cultural background, body fat distribution and risk for diabetes and heart disease. Each participant will undergo a scan for stomach fat, overall body fat and risk factors. By improving understanding about the implications of excess body fat in these under-studied populations, the research could lead to guidelines for identifying people at risk for chronic disease, and contribute to prevention strategies targeted to these populations.