Memory difficulties accompany the aging process. Two common examples include reduced ability to recall recent information or events and problems remembering to do something in the future. Programs have been developed to help older adults, including people with Alzheimer’s and their caregivers, deal with age-related memory changes. Although most benefit from these programs, not everyone responds equally and some do not seem to benefit at all. Little research has been done to investigate how psychosocial factors, such as personality characteristics, coping abilities and emotional status, affect the success of memory intervention programs. In her doctoral research, Patricia Lynn Ebert is assessing the impact of psychosocial factors on adults 70 and older who are in memory programs. Patricia hopes the results will lead to greater understanding of memory function in older adults, improved memory intervention programs, and better outcomes for program participants.
Year: 2002
The effects of bone mineral density (BMD) testing on behaviour change over 3 years
Osteoporosis develops when bone density deteriorates, which causes bones to become fragile and fracture easily. Little data exists to demonstrate whether people modify their lifestyle after receiving bone density test results that indicate they are at risk of osteoporosis. Elaine Kingwell is assessing whether bone density testing influences people to seek information about osteoporosis and to adopt preventative behaviours believed to have a positive impact on bone density. The behaviours include increasing calcium and vitamin D intake, participating in physical exercise, and taking medications to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Elaine is also studying the way bone density test results are communicated to patients, to determine whether people are more likely to make lifestyle changes when they receive their results directly or when results are sent via their family physician.
Gathering strengths: Contexts that reduce aboriginal children's risk for mental health problems
Research indicates peer victimization among children occurs every seven minutes on the playground, and every 25 minutes in the classroom. Wendy Hoglund is investigating the effects of rumour spreading, hitting, and other types of victimization on First Nations children’s healthy development in elementary school. She is examining how peer victimization affects areas such as mental health and academic competence. She is also assessing whether First Nations children in schools with more First Nations children and First Nations Programs, for example, experience less peer victimization and have better mental health, social, and academic outcomes than First Nations children in other school contexts. Wendy hopes this information will the development of preventative policies and programs to promote the health of First Nations children in Canada.
Sociality of pain behaviour: Potentiation by an audience
Effective pain management depends upon successful pain assessment, which is measured through careful attention to a patient’s verbal and nonverbal communications. This task is complex, because the way a patient expresses pain during assessment is influenced by the presence of health care practitioners, family members and other patients. In spite of tremendous recent advances in understanding the physiology and pharmacology of pain, the complex social relationships affecting pain communications are only now beginning to be studied. Melanie Badali’s earlier research focused upon the role of memory as it affects children’s and parents’ assessments of the child’s pain. Now, she is examining how people communicate pain if they believe the person observing can assist in relieving the pain. Melanie anticipates her investigations will help improve the accuracy of pain assessment and management, thereby ultimately reducing suffering from acute and chronic pain.
Effects of context on coping responses of parents in universal newborn hearing screening programs
Early identification of hearing loss in newborns is associated with improved cognitive, speech, language, and social-emotional outcomes. Yet a high proportion of parents withdraw from universal newborn hearing screening programs following the first screening, even if the screening indicates a need for further testing. This is thought to be due, in part, to parents’ anxiety and stress over the initial results. Brenda Poon is investigating how the screening program environment affects the way parents cope with the stress of discovering their newborn child may have hearing loss. Based on her findings, she hopes to recommend developing services in universal screening programs that are sensitive to parents’ emotional and coping responses at each stage of the screening. With improved services in place, parents may be less likely to withdraw their child from screening programs before the infant’s hearing status can be confirmed, allowing for earlier intervention.
Reducing the injury of community homecare workers
Given that a growing number of elderly people choose to continue living at home, but need some support to live independently, community homecare services are an increasingly important part of our health care system. Recent reports indicate that the community healthcare workers who provide these services have the highest injury rate among all health care professionals in BC. With his postdoctoral research, Dr. Il Hyeok Park aims to reduce the injury rate and the cost of injuries to the health system. Dr. Park is investigating three interventions to reduce injuries: educating community healthcare workers about proper lifting techniques, using a new assessment tool to gauge possible risks at work sites, and providing mechanical lifting equipment. This project should help improve community healthcare workers’ health and the quality of homecare services.
An exploration of the consequences of health care organization and delivery for children with chronic health conditions
Health care reform is bringing about significant changes in the way health services are structured and delivered to children with chronic health conditions. Research suggests that the availability of health care services and the quality of interactions within the health care system have an immense impact on the lives of these children. But services are often fragmented, shaped by priorities that compete with children’s needs, or are not accessible to all families. Gladys McPherson’s research focuses on how the structure and organization of health care, as well as the nature and quality of interactions within the health care system, shape the lives of children with chronic health conditions. She is exploring how the principles and priorities in the health care system influence the lives of children with chronic health conditions, and the impact of their experiences with the system on their well-being, growth and development.
A cost-utility analysis of infliximab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
The cornerstone of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is early intervention with drug therapies. There are, however, limitations to the long-term effectiveness and safety of the conventionally-used drugs. While the use of new drug therapies, called biologicals, have yielded positive results in clinical trials, these drugs are many times more expensive than the traditional therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Already a Doctor of Pharmacy, Carlo Marra is focusing his PhD studies in Health Care and Epidemiology on the long term costs and consequences (such as health-related quality of life) of using biological agents instead of traditional drug therapies. The potential of these drugs to reduce other direct and indirect health care costs and improve quality of life for patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis may, in fact, make them more-cost-effective over the long term. The results of this study could help inform drug therapy funding decisions by provincial drug plans.
Intrusive memories of work-related trauma in emergency room personnel: implications for intervention
Judith Laposa has conducted the first study to demonstrate a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among emergency department staff than in the general public. Her research also shows these symptoms sometimes interfere with job performance. Previous studies have focused on victims of trauma, and not those who routinely deal with horrifying events as part of their jobs. Following a life-threatening event, people with PTSD experience ongoing anxiety and intrusive images of the trauma. Judith is studying the onset and interpretation of trauma memories in emergency staff at several hospitals in Greater Vancouver. This study will examine risk factors for negatively interpreting trauma memories, such as other negative life experiences, a propensity toward negativity, and conflict at work. The results will help identify how to decrease the prevalence of post-traumatic stress among emergency staff, which will help improve the quality of emergency health care.
Decision support systems for health care governance
Carolyn Green is studying the use of information by regional health authorities in public health policy decisions. Health authorities need high quality information to assess the health care needs of communities and appraise the performance of health care systems. But while health authorities make system-wide decisions that can affect whole populations, authority board members do not rate the information they receive as being adequate or timely. Carolyn is investigating what kinds of information are needed and which technologies can best deliver the information to authorities. Her research will help improve the quality of information available to health authorities for evaluating and making decisions about the health care system.