Vascular disease is the largest single cause of death in developed nations, and the incidence of cardiac valvular disease (disease in heart valves) is significant. The first cells to be adversely affected in vascular disease are endothelial cells, located on the inner lining of blood vessels. In the initial stages of vascular disease, there are modifications to the way endothelial cells regulate calcium signaling, an essential part of communication between cells. Willmann Liang is studying normal and abnormal calcium regulation in two types of heart valve cells: endothelial cells and myofibroblasts (cells involved in wound healing). Willmann aims to understand how calcium regulation in the human cardiac valve is altered with disease, and to determine how gene expressions governing the various components of calcium signaling are modified. Ultimately, the research may lead to the early prevention and treatment of valvular diseases.
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Identification of components necessary for proper chromatid cohesion by global expression profiling
The error-free duplication of a multicelled organism’s genetic material is critical to its survival. Even small changes in the genetic code during duplication can lead to diseases such as cancer. Equally important to cell division is the error-free transmission of chromosomes to each of the two daughter cells, which depends on the proper regulation of sister chromatid cohesion (the attachment of both strands of newly-replicated DNA to the area of the chromosome called the centromere). When the mechanisms involved in chromatid cohesion are defective, there may be uneven segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells. This results in abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy), a characteristic of many cancers. Ben Montpetit is studying the components responsible for regulating cohesion of sister chromatids. Ben’s research is aimed at providing a better understanding of what happens when the cohesion process is flawed, and to help identify therapeutic targets in cells with defects due to altered chromatid cohesion.
Identification of new targets for the treatment of androgen-independent Prostate Cancer
Current treatments for advanced prostate cancer eliminate the growth-promoting effects of androgens such as testosterone. Unfortunately, while this treatment is initially effective in reducing prostate growth, the usual outcome is an untreatable form of prostate cancer where the cancer becomes androgen-independent (grows without androgens). Steven Quayle is working to isolate the different genes that are expressed (activated) at different hormonal stages of prostate cancer. He is using a technique where prostate cancer cells grown in hollow fibres progress to androgen-independence in a controlled, reproducible manner. This will allow Steven to confirm the changes in gene expression that consistently occur with disease progression, and study in more detail the role of particular genes. These genes may be useful as indicators of disease progression, as well as potential targets for treatment.
The role of the tumor suppressor ING in cell growth and death in a frog model system
Mary Wagner is interested in the fundamental mechanisms that govern a cell’s decision to divide, mature or die. Armed with this information, she says, we can gain greater insight into many different diseases where these basic functions are altered. For example, cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division, and inappropriate cell death is the hallmark of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and muscular dystrophy. Mary is studying the role of ING (INhibitor of Growth), a protein that helps regulate these basic cell functions. While ING is also found in the cells of humans, mice, rats and yeast, Mary is studying the protein’s role in the metamorphosis of tadpoles into frogs—a drastic and rapid transformation involving tail death, leg growth and brain remodeling. She is also investigating how environmental pollutants can act as hormones to disrupt normal cell development and function.
Structural characterization of bacterial type III secretion system components
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is on the rise and poses increasing threats to susceptible individuals, including the elderly, children and immunocompromised patients. To develop new and effective therapeutics against these microbial enemies, a thorough understanding of their pathogenic (disease-causing) mechanisms is required. Calvin Yip’s research focuses on characterizing the structural components of the bacterial type III secretion system (TTSS). Found in many pathogenic bacteria-including Enteropathogenic E. coli and Salmonella strains-these secretion devices are essential to the bacteria’s ability to cause disease. These systems allow pathogenic bacteria to deliver effector molecules into human cells, where they disrupt normal cellular function. Calvin is investigating how the TTSS structures are assembled and how they deliver effector molecules into cells. In conjunction with other biophysical studies, this work will result in a deeper understanding of the assembly and function of TTSS and may provide the basis to design new drugs.
Psychosocial predicators of success following memory intervention in older adults
Memory difficulties accompany the aging process. Two common examples include reduced ability to recall recent information or events and problems remembering to do something in the future. Programs have been developed to help older adults, including people with Alzheimer’s and their caregivers, deal with age-related memory changes. Although most benefit from these programs, not everyone responds equally and some do not seem to benefit at all. Little research has been done to investigate how psychosocial factors, such as personality characteristics, coping abilities and emotional status, affect the success of memory intervention programs. In her doctoral research, Patricia Lynn Ebert is assessing the impact of psychosocial factors on adults 70 and older who are in memory programs. Patricia hopes the results will lead to greater understanding of memory function in older adults, improved memory intervention programs, and better outcomes for program participants.
Mediators and moderators of the effective (and ineffective) healthcare provider-patient therapeutic relationship
Research has shown that a positive relationship between patients and their health care providers has a significant impact on the success of medical, psychological and drug treatments. The therapeutic relationship has a positive impact on both psychological and physiological factors, such as increasing hope and strengthening the immune system. In addition, the therapeutic relationship may have healing power in and of itself. Although the connection between the success of treatments and a therapeutic relationship has been established, little research has been done to identify the factors that contribute to an effective or ineffective relationship between a patient and health care provider. Robinder Bedi’s doctoral research will identify the factors that create a strong alliance. Health care professionals will be able to use this knowledge to establish more effective therapeutic relationships with patients, and to intervene early in situations where concerns about the relationship may impair treatment. Ultimately, this research should help improve patient outcomes and satisfaction with their care.
Effectiveness of CBT for panic disorder: Treatment outcome in research and community settings
About 37,000 people in BC suffer from panic disorder, a debilitating condition characterized by recurrent panic attacks, intense fear and anxiety. Common symptoms include heart palpitations, sweating, nausea, dizziness, numbness in the extremities, and hot or cold flashes. Panic disorder is also costly to our health care system: two-thirds of patients in Canada have sought psychiatric care, 21 per cent visited emergency departments (sometimes repeatedly), nine per cent saw a cardiologist, and 17 per cent saw a neurologist in an effort to understand their symptoms. Recent lab studies have shown cognitive behaviour therapy significantly decreased the frequency and severity of symptoms and achieved better outcomes than other treatments and medications for panic disorder. In her doctoral research, Kathleen Corcoran is comparing these results to outcomes among patients in two community settings-a community mental health clinic and the Anxiety Disorders Unit at UBC Hospital-to determine whether cognitive behaviour therapy is as effective in treating panic disorder in a less controlled, real-life setting.
Decision support systems for health care governance
Carolyn Green is studying the use of information by regional health authorities in public health policy decisions. Health authorities need high quality information to assess the health care needs of communities and appraise the performance of health care systems. But while health authorities make system-wide decisions that can affect whole populations, authority board members do not rate the information they receive as being adequate or timely. Carolyn is investigating what kinds of information are needed and which technologies can best deliver the information to authorities. Her research will help improve the quality of information available to health authorities for evaluating and making decisions about the health care system.
Intrusive memories of work-related trauma in emergency room personnel: implications for intervention
Judith Laposa has conducted the first study to demonstrate a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among emergency department staff than in the general public. Her research also shows these symptoms sometimes interfere with job performance. Previous studies have focused on victims of trauma, and not those who routinely deal with horrifying events as part of their jobs. Following a life-threatening event, people with PTSD experience ongoing anxiety and intrusive images of the trauma. Judith is studying the onset and interpretation of trauma memories in emergency staff at several hospitals in Greater Vancouver. This study will examine risk factors for negatively interpreting trauma memories, such as other negative life experiences, a propensity toward negativity, and conflict at work. The results will help identify how to decrease the prevalence of post-traumatic stress among emergency staff, which will help improve the quality of emergency health care.