Women with disabilities face many barriers to health, including poverty and inequality. Government-administered income support programs are necessary for the survival of many disabled women, yet these programs also create barriers to working, developing abilities and participating fully in activities available to non-disabled people. Sally Kimpson is examining the effects of disability income support policy and programs on women with disabilities. Through in-depth interviews with disabled women, she is studying how they participate in income support programs – including compliance with or resistance to different elements of these programs – and how they learn to participate in society while negotiating constraints related to the programs. Increasing understanding of how disabled women live with income support will help improve policy and programs, which will ultimately benefit women whose health and well-being are closely tied to securing income support.
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Mechanistic basis of the inhibitory effect of extracellular zinc on rat Kv3.1
Zinc is a trace element that concentrates in some nerve terminals in the brain. Increased zinc concentration in the brain has been linked to epileptic seizures, which affect about 300,000 Canadians. Zinc is known to inhibit a potassium channel, Kv3.1, essential for neuronal activity, but how this occurs is not yet understood. Daniel Kwan is joint author on two papers in the international Journal of Physiology on research into a protein that controls the movement of potassium ions from heart muscle cells. Now he is extending his studies to determine how zinc binds to and inhibits the Kv3.1 channel. Ultimately, the results may lead to new treatments and drugs for brain disorders such as epilepsy.
The development of a lymphatic stress test
Many women develop lymphedema, painful swelling in the hand or arm, after treatment for breast cancer. Various therapies can manage lymphedema, but not cure the chronic condition. As a result, women have to live with side effects including restricted movement in the affected arm and increased risk of infection, and some report reduced quality of life due to increased anxiety, emotional distress and depression. Lymphedema is typically diagnosed by measuring arm volume and/or circumference. But the methods used do not measure changes in lymphatic function. Kirstin Lane is developing a test protocol using lymphoscintigraphy to measure lymphatic function, which could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of current treatments for lymphedema. In addition, exercise was originally believed to exacerbate breast cancer-related lymphedema, but recent research suggests exercise may have a positive impact on lymphatic function. The new test could be used to assess the effects of exercise and to develop appropriate exercise guidelines.
Workplace stress and health: The mediating roles of social support and coping
Stress can play a significant role in physical and mental health. The workplace is one common source of stress, which has been linked to psychological distress, back pain, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular disease and heart disease. It’s also estimated that stress accounts for more than 50 per cent of absenteeism. However, stress in the workplace does not inevitably lead to illness and is preventable. Dayna Lee-Baggley is investigating how coping techniques and strong social support from co-workers, supervisors and family can decrease the harmful effects of workplace stress. Her study focuses on understanding how stress and coping unfold on a daily basis in the workplace, as well as the ways stress can “spillover” at home. The research will help identify individuals who may have difficulty coping with workplace stress and workplaces that may promote or hinder successful coping. The study results will also suggest intervention strategies to support people at risk of suffering from the adverse health outcomes caused by workplace stress.
Attention systems for perception and action
Vision serves two purposes: it allows us to consciously perceive our surroundings (e.g. recognize an object) and to act upon this environment (e.g. reach for the object). However, one or the other of these capabilities is often impaired in people with brain disorders, such as dementia or schizophrenia. While a wealth of research has been conducted on visual perception, less is known about visually guided actions, or how perception and action work together. The dual systems theory of vision allows for the possibility that there are separate attention systems for action and perception in the brain. Geniva Liu’s research focuses on improving understanding of how perception and action interact in vision. Results from the research could contribute to the design of strategies to help people with attention deficits capitalize on alternative resources for visually guided action or perception.
Spine biomechanics in osteoporotic thoracic vertebrae: investigating the safety of manual therapy
People with spinal osteoporosis often suffer back pain that cannot be relieved by exercise or medication. Physiotherapists with advanced training can use manual spinal joint mobilization techniques, also called manual therapy, to relieve the pain. However, there are questions about how safe the therapy is and whether the techniques pose a risk of causing fractures. Meena Sran is using bioengineering techniques to determine if manual therapy creates a risk of fracture in people with spinal osteoporosis. Besides assessing the spine’s ability to resist fracture during manual therapy by determining the pressure required to fracture vertebrae, she is also examining whether or not x-rays and CT scans can detect these fractures. The study will provide insights into the safety of manual therapy and ultimately help improve treatment of back pain in older adults with spinal osteoporosis.
Uncoupling dopamine and glutamine transmission in animal models of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia affects one per cent of Canadians — more than 300,000 people — causing personality and perceptual changes and thought disorders. Physical and biochemical changes in the brain are linked to schizophrenia, but the exact cause is not known. In addition to the devastating effects on patients and families, the economic burden of schizophrenia on the health care system is staggering. Unfortunately, current medications are only partially effective and result in undesirable side effects. Schizophrenia disrupts interactions between dopamine, an important neurotransmitter (messenger) in the brain and glutamine, an amino acid that is one of the building blocks of protein. Richard Swayze is investigating whether proteins critical to signalling between dopamine and glutamine systems are uncoupled in schizophrenia. He hopes this information will lead to more effective drug treatments that improve quality of life for schizophrenic patients and their families, and reduce costs to the health care system.
A longitudinal study of adolescent risk-taking behaviour
Research has shown that smoking and drinking typically begin in adolescence. Stefania Maggi is studying the role of family, peers, school and neighbourhoods in developing risk-taking behaviours including smoking and drinking. She aims to identify the factors present early in life — such as parenting styles and socioeconomic conditions — that can predict smoking and drinking during adolescence. Stefania is closely examining how socioeconomic conditions shape the way parents relate to their children, and how the relationship between self-concept and affiliation with peers influences smoking and drinking. While other researchers have addressed these issues, few studies have examined a representative sample of Canadian children on a long-term basis. Stefania is analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Her study will make a valuable contribution to programs aimed at reducing smoking and drinking among adolescents.
The role of Fa2p in regulating microtubule severing
As an undergraduate student, Moe Mahjoub’s research findings on a gene involved in microtubule severing were published in the Journal of Cell Science, listing him as first author. Microtubules are thin tubes of protein and an essential element of the cell skeleton required for cell division and movement. Moe’s current research is directed at understanding how microtubule severing is regulated, using unicellular algae called Chlamydomonas. Microtubule severing is key to the algae’s shedding of flagella, or whip-like appendages, in response to a wide array of stimuli. This process has important implications for human health. For example, sterility can result when sperm shed flagella in response to ingested toxins. This research could help explain a range of diseases, including retinal degeneration, kidney disease and cancer.
Exposure to air pollutants and the incidence of lung cancer
Research suggests that exposure to air pollution contributes to small increases in lung cancer rates. However, errors in measurement of air pollution exposure, as well as in measurement of other risk factors such as cigarette smoking, limit the ability to quantify the extent to which air pollution increases risk of lung cancer. Elizabeth Matovinovic is developing an assessment of air pollution exposure for British Columbia, which will include an estimate of individual exposures to traffic-related air pollutants. Elizabeth will apply the assessment to data from the National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance registry to produce individual estimates of chronic exposure to air pollutants, with a special emphasis on traffic-related pollutants. The research will help improve understanding of the impacts of air pollution, particularly the relationship between chronic exposure to air pollution and lung cancer, an area that hasn’t been researched extensively.